Benefits of Flexitime in the Public Sector

Benefits of Flexitime in the Public Sector Flexible working time is a new style of work condition which has its root from the German word Gleitzeit which means sliding time. It may be defined as a variable work schedule which allows persons to fulfill their obligations outside a rigid framework of time. Flexitime allows an employee to choose the time when he will start work and when he will finish but with a core time when everybody must be present which is normally a period of four to six hours in the middle of the traditional work schedule(Rubin,1979). Flexitime has been basically categorized into three types namely, gliding or variable time where the employees can change their arrival and departure time whenever they want as long as they are present for a core period of time. Flextour also allows workers to change their arrival or departure time but they must specify in advance when they will arrive and depart for a period of one or two weeks. Here also there is a core period to cover. A third type of flexitime is a completely flexible one where there is no core period. Employees can come and depart as long as a cover a set number of hours per week or per month(Estes,1990). A basic model of flexitime may be summarized as below: A bandwidth which is the earliest time at which employees start work up to the latest finishing time (e.g. 6.00 am to 6.30 p.m). A core time within which all employees are present at work (e.g. 10.00 to 12.00 a.m and 2.00 to 4.00 p.m). In fact it is management who usually set the core time whereas the flexible time is decided by the employee based upon mutual consent (Nadler et al,2010). A flexible band of hours during which the employees might vary the time of starting work in the morning and/or the time of quitting work in the afternoon . Banking, which permits the employees to accumulate excess or shortage of hours worked. The introduction of flexitime in the Public Sector has been a subject of big debate since a very long time. Various studies have been done on this subject in many countries. Nowadays, many organizations are in a state of change and given the rapid development in the business environment worldwide, the need for managing employees effectively was never as significant as it is today. Moreover, increased globalization, technological evolution, new laws and regulations, changing economic and social environment are all pressing organizations to be more competitive and finding better ways of collaborating and ensuring a harmonious relation between management and employees. Trust has to be built in corporate governance, in business strategies and in the future success of work and also in the skills, abilities and desires of the workforce. The aim of this paper is to debate on the whole concept of flexitime, also defined in some papers as flexible work arrangements. The objectives of the research are summarized as follows: Why the need for flexitime To show the impact of flexitime in the life of civil servants To show whether flexitime reduces stress and increases job satisfaction and staff morale To show if it gives rise to more efficient work practices by improving productivity and performance Seek to analyse whether flexitime helps workers to reconcile work with family responsibilities Whether flexitime helps in reducing lateness and absenteeism Whether flextime contributes in reducing the need for overtime To demonstrate whether flexitime enhances motivation of employees at their workplace Try to analyse the concept from both a management and employee point of view Seek to analyse its advantages and disadvantages both to management and to employees The information has been extracted both from the private and public sectors. Background and overview Different studies have been carried out in many countries on the concept of flexitime and each one has come up with its own conclusions. During the 1960s there was a labour shortage in Germany. ChristelKraemerer then came up with the concept of flexitime to encourage housewives and mothers to join the labour market to address this particular problem. Thus the strict rule of standard work schedule no longer exists where more than 75% of the workforce are for flexible working schedule( Kattenbach et al., 2010). By 1972 the United States had started flexitime on a pilot basis(Rubin,1979). In 2003 the UK government passed a legislation giving the right to employees having children under six or having disabled children under eighteen, to request a flexible work arrangement and by April 2007 the law included this facility to carers of adults(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime). William R. Estes had come up with a meta-analysis of the effects of flexitime over a large number of circumsta nces. He made use of results of previous research articles to demonstrate the effects of flexitime on absenteeism, productivity, overtime costs, leisure/family time, job satisfaction, role conflict, turnover, transport problems, and the desire to continue the use of flexitime. The meta analysis concluded that it was easier to implement flexitime in small organizations than in bigger ones. This is mainly due to the complexity of larger organizations and to the number of employees compared to smaller organizations. It also showed that flexitime increases job satisfaction, reduces absenteeism and abuses on leaves entitlement, improved employee behavior. But, on the other hand it did not have big effect on productivity. Flexitime is also perceived as being a modern tool for managing resources more effectively, efficiently and economically(Khamkaya and Sloan,2009). In todays competitive world people is seen to be one of the key resources which can bring success to an organization(wickramasinghe and Jayabandhu, 2007). In this context, the effective management of human resources is an important feature in the adoption of flexitime in an organization.A study on the implementation of flexitime in the Scottish Local Authorities showed reluctance on the part of employees due to cultural change, inadequate support from the current organizational policy. Changing a long lasting culture in an organization is perhaps one of the most difficult task an organization and management can face. Although there are many benefits pertaining to the adoption of flextime, the success obtained in one organization does not guarantee that it will work in other organisations also. Management, employers perception, employees pe rception, the working environment will play a big role and will vary from one organization to the other. Flexitime was introduced in an IT sector in Sri Lanka which put more emphasis on people management. Effective human resource management contribute highly to the realization of capital growth and technological expansion. Some studies have shown that female workers are more in favour of flexitime as it helps them to coordinate more effectively their work and their private life commitments. When both parents are working in a family there is a greater need for flexitime as it enables them to properly handle their family responsibilities and any other commitments they may have for example, the pursuance of higher studies. Employees were all in favour of flexitime and would like to have it in all workplaces. Employers were able to have the trust of employees, their full commitment and increase their potential. Welch and Gordon(1980) had found that flexibility encouraged employees to remain with the same employer for longer. However, the sri Lankan study revealed that this was not necessari ly the case. It must be emphasized that the Sri Lankan study is more recent and was conducted twenty seven years later where many changes have occurred in the working environment and conditions. Similarly concerning the gender issue other studies suggested that female workers were more in favour of flexitime, the findings in the Sri Lankan context revealed that there were no significant differences between males and females perceptions. Management systems are modernizing and there is a need to develop strategies like flexitime in a globally competitive environment(Wickramasinghe, Jayabandu (2007)). Flexitime has also been implemented throughout the Queensland public sector since 1996. But this study revealed that flexitime created much frustrations among employees. This was mainly due to the arising of long working hours and inadequate time off. Employees were allowed to bank their excess hours worked up to a maximum of thirty hours. Some employees accumulated up to 800 excess hours and could not take it as there was a significant lack of staff. But there were other areas in the same organization where staff were able to take timeoff due to to the conscious decisions of managers. Also flexitime caused a decrease in socialization in the workplace as colleagues could not meet their friends as each had his own time of coming and going and taking breaks. There was also lack of proper regulations to monitor the system. The study showed the importance of regulation and good management of the system to increase employee welfare. Although there are great benefits from flexitime it can also have detrimental effects if it is not properly managed(http://www.freepatentsonline.com). A study on flexitime in the National Health Services (NHS) in UK showed that it brought much happiness to employees. It was studied as an aspect of Improving Working Lives (IWL) standard in an NHS Acute Trust. Over a third of the employees considered the implementation of flexitime as a give and take approach. They felt that they have to and they wanted to perform better in return of the advantages they got from the flexible arrangements. They perceived much happiness as they felt that they were well treated and valued and that there was a reduction of stress in their daily lives. However the study had a limited conception. It laid emphasis on only one aspect, that is IWL (Atkinson and Hall, 2011). Sanchez et al.,(2007) have said Flexibility is a source of competitive advantage. Enhancing flexibility may be costly in the short run, but it gets easier over time. Firms become more flexible because their managers emphasise the importance of flexibility and because they practice being fl exible. A self-reinforcing process then begins. The Implementation of Flexitime in the Mauritian public sector The introduction of flexitime in the Mauritian Civil Service has been advocated since 1993 by the Pay Research Bureau so as to solve the problems of late arrivals in office due to traffic congestion and other family problems. In its report of 2003 the PRB has recommended that subject to the approval of the Ministry of Civil Service Affairs and Administrative Reforms and after consultation with the staff side, Ministries/Departments/Organisations should expedite the introduction of flexitime where demand exist and resources permit. Flexitime would normally not be applicable to certain categories of officers due to the nature of their duties, for example: Officers operating on a shift system, roster basis and staggered hours Officers in the manual grades Officers in the disciplined force Officers in the education sector A survey had also been undertaken in this context. The conclusions were that organisations which had adopted flexitime had been effective in combating excessive/regular tardiness. The absence of a computerised system of attendance and additional resources required were one of the major hindrances for its application in other sectors. Lack of supervision was also an issue. Those working in teams also dont find it suitable to their needs and it was also difficult to evaluate work performed after normal working hours in terms of productivity. Some Chief Executives have made some favourable observations. They say that flexitime can increase productivity, improve performance and reduce overtime costs if used judiciously and effectively. It can also increase efficiency and improve quality of life of employees. It can also combat lateness and prevent abuse of leave by officers and is a good management tool (PRB Report 2008). The report has further laid emphasis on the responsibility of management and employees in the public sector. Management Responsibilities The PRB has spelt out the responsibilities of management on the application of flexitime as follows: (a) introduction of irregular workweek whereby employees have early arrival times and late departure times; (b) ensuring that there is adequate office coverage during official hours and that customer service and work requirements are not adversely affected by employee participation in alternative work schedules; (c) ensuring that employee participation in alternative work schedules is equitable and consistent across work units within the organization; (d)complying with all procedural requirements on certification of time and attendance and work schedules (e) communicating and seeking mutual agreement with the employees on work schedules (f) planning office workflow to ensure that there is productive work for employees to perform (g) suspending an employees alternative work schedule when workload requirements, temporary duty, or training preclude participation (h) informing employees as soon as practicable of any modifications in work schedule (i) making a concerted effort to schedule office meetings during core hours; and (j) to ensure monitoring and supervision in establishing work hours, prohibit abuses and take corrective measures if abuses occur. Employees Responsibilities The responsibilities of the employees on the introduction of flexitime as pointed out in the PRB Report 2003 are as follows: (a)complying with all procedural requirement regarding certification of time and attendance and work schedules to which they are assigned; (b)communicating and seeking mutual agreement with the supervisor on work schedules; and maintaining records of daily time and attendance in accordance with office procedures. Advantages of Flexitime There are many advantages resulting from the introduction of flexitime. And it is beneficial to employees, employers and management. The advantages of flexitime from a point of view of management: Improvement in productivity With the implementation of flexitime it is felt that absenteeism and turnover are reduced, and job satisfaction is improved in an organisation. Flexitime is also associated with increased productivity and morale and reduced absenteeism. Overtime The need for overtime is not felt as employees can manage busy and slack periods. Management can also do a saving on item of overtime. Moreover, completion of lengthy work assignments can be completed without resorting to overtime . Efficiency Flexitime can help employees to combine their work and personal responsibilities, and can help workflow to be managed more efficiently. (a) domestic matters can be dealt with in employees own time (b) details of employees time keeping is readily available ( c) the existence of a scheme can act as a positive tool in recruitment The advantages of flexitime from employee perspective: Reduces stress and fatigue It relieves officers of their stress and help them to better manage the balance between work commitments, family responsibilities and lifestyle choices to the advantages of the services. It helps employees to better cope with both the work and the household and child care responsibilities. It also makes travelling easier out of peak hours. Greater staff morale and job satisfaction Flexitime promotes happiness Employees perceive that flexible work schedule brings them joy (Atkinson and Hall,2010). They are also able to vary working time thus enjoying time-autonomy which positively influence performance. This autonomy acts as motivator to job satisfaction. There is also a team spirit and morale is high. Reduces delayed arrival caused by traffic congestion Flexitime allows you to schedule your travel and time to avoid congestion More in control of their workloads and manage a better balance between personal life and work Allows bank time ( accrued flex balance hours) to be used for leisure/ personal activities. Increased opportunity to fit other commitments and activities in with work, and make better use of their free time. Personal matters therefore can be sorted without having to take time off. Todays workforce increasingly consists of women and workers in alternative family structures such as single headed and dual earner families. Faced with more pressing demands from both the workplace and home these employees often divide time between these two competing interest. Among those likely to benefit to greater workplace flexibility are prime working age women, women household heads, and employees in two earner families. Advantages from Employer Perspective Flexitime takes away the easy audit of who is punctual and who is not. It makes the employee accountable for his own timekeeping and makes rigid timekeeping by the supervisor unimportant. It shifts focus of management from monitoring of attendances to productivity of the employee. It leads to joint accountability of workers and management . Absenteeism is reduced and in many cases the need for overtime is not felt. Retention of employees who seek flexible work arrangement (Nadler et al, 2010) Workers feel more responsible to the organisation and an atmosphere of partnership between employer and employee develops. Although flexitime is the most popular way of varying daily hours it has its limitations, and is not suitable for all job roles and workplaces, and other flexible options may provide better solutions. Flexitime works best, as with all alternative working patterns, as part of a package of options available to help employees balance their work and personal lives and the organisation meet its business objectives. However, this system has brought some difficulties in the work practice. The main disadvantages resulting from flexitime are: Perceived loss of management control Extra hours of supervision may be required There is potential for abuse of the flexible work periods Greater co-ordination of working arrangements is required to maintain cover Cover is lessened due to additional time off under flexi leave Staff who cannot be afforded flexible working hours experience resentment Cost of implementing control systems/equipment Additional work for personnel/supervisory staff e.g. inputting time credits for leave and adjustments, recording of flexi leave To what extent the introduction of flexitime can be successful in reality for Mauritius is still a question of big debate. Proper planning is very important. Although the Pay Research Bureau has recommended its implementation but what has been done and what is being done is still under consideration. From the literature review it is seen that all researches which have been conducted in this field there are varying views from different authors. Some have brought forward many advantages and others have noticed many drawbacks. Some employees have derived much satisfaction while others have experienced much frustration especially due to the long hours culture which has developed. Likewise some employers have seen major improvements in the quality of work while others are still sceptical as to the success of this strategy. Some are also fearful that it would lead to anarchy in production and that the costs of implementation would exceed the benefits. Through this paper we will try to anal yse a general perception of flexitime in the Mauritian public sector and will it be really successful in our context taking into consideration all the constraints.

Matrilineal Societies

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2011, Matrilineal Descent, Patrilineal Descent Matrilineal societies are those societies in which descent is traced through mothers rather than through fathers. In matrilineal societies, property is often passed from mothers to daughters and the custom of matrilocal residence may be practiced. In matrilineal societies, the descendants of men are their sister's children and not their own, who belong to their mother's matrilineage. Matrilineage is sometimes associated with polyandry or group marriage where women have a variety of sexual partners and lines of male descent are uncertain. Ancient societies are known to have recognised matrilineal descent. Matriliny is not the mirror image of patriliny. Matrilineal societies differ from both patrilineal and bilateral societies in that the institution of marriage tends to be, relatively weak (Schneider and Gough 1961, Goode 1963). In a gerontocratic matrilineal society, women's influence and prestige tended to increase with age and were usually expressed in informal settings, although there were offices of formalised informality such as â€Å"mothers† of matrilineages. Matriliny required the subordination of marriage and conjugal duties to loyalty to and participation in the descent group. This, combined with economic activities, farming, artisan work, and trading, gave women considerable independence. Women (like elders) had prestige in the matrilineal home town, where black stools symbolised the â€Å"seat of power. † (Bartle). In a matrilineal society, women generally have a greater autonomy in terms of sexuality and reproduction than their counterparts in male dominated societies. The woman in a matrilineal society represents the clan and her children carry on the name of her clan. Land Inheritance and Schooling in Matrilineal Societies: Evidence from Sumatra – Agnes R. Quisumbing, and Keijiro Otsuka Abstract: This paper explores statistically the implications of the shift from communal to individualized tenure on the distribution of land and schooling between sons and daughters in matrilineal societies, based on a Sumatra case study. The inheritance system is evolving from a strictly matrilineal system to a more egalitarian system in which sons and daughters inherit the type of land that is more intensive in their own work effort. While gender bias is either non-existent or small in land inheritance, daughters tend to be disadvantaged with respect to schooling. The gender gap in schooling, however, appears to be closing for the generation of younger children. – capri. cgiar. org/wp/capriwp14. asp Gough, K. (1961) â€Å"The modern disintegration of matrilineal descent groups,† in D. M. Schneider and K. Gough (eds. ) Matrilineal Kinship, Berkeley, U. Calif. , pp. 631-54 Oppong, C. (1974) Marriage Among a Matrilineal Elite, Cambridge University Press. Matrilineal Society in India – Dr. Madhumita Das When most of the people in the world follow the patrilineal system, there exist a few groups here and there who believed to be the descendants of Japheth (son of Noah), and are followers of the matrilineal system (Syiemlieh, 1994). At the global level, the existence of matrilineal society is found among the tribes of African countries, in some part of Southeast Asia and among three groups of India. It is the Minangkabaus of West Sumatra, Indonesia, comprising the largest ethnic group in the world who follow a matrilineal system (Tanius, 1983). In Indian context, the matrilineal social system is found only among small pockets of south the and northeast India. The Nairs and Mappilles in Kerala, the tribal groups of Minicoy Island and the Khasis and the Garos of Meghalaya are the followers of matrilineal system. However, the matrilineal system of the African countries differs considerably from that of the Southeast Asian groups. Even within India, the system differs from one group to another (Kapadia, 1966). Among these groups, difference is mostly observed in the type of residence after marriage. The pattern of duo-local residence exists among the Ashanti of the Gold Coast in Africa, Minangkhau of Sumatra and the Nayars of Central Kerala. However, the Khasis of Meghalaya, generally follow the residential pattern known as â€Å"matrilocal residence†, where the husband resides with his wife's matrilineal kin or in other case couples settle down together in a new residence in and around his wife's maternal place (neo-local residence). Methodology This work discusses the changes that are occurring among the only few existent matrilineal setup in the world in terms of their attitudes and behaviour. In order to discuss the changes, the existing literature has been reviewed and they are supplemented by in-depth interviews of a few key informants. The key informants include eminent academicians, elderly persons of different localities, local heads, social workers and persons representing the younger generation. In addition, two focus group discussions (FGD) were done with women from different age groups. The idea behind this exercise is to clearly identify those features that have been characterising the matrlineal system of the Khasi tribe these days. Along with the qualitative analysis, the profile of women living in original matrilineal arrangement as against those who have completely transited in the form of percentage distribution is also presented. A few socio-economic, demographic, and developmental characteristics of both women and her husband has been taken into consideration. Lastly, a multivariate analysis has been undertaken to substantiate the findings from bivariate analysis and to find out the factors, which brought changes among the society. Study Area The basic aim of the study is to understand the structure of matrilineal system and the changews that has taken place in it over the period of time among the Khasis of Meghalaya. In Meghalaya there exists three tribal groups, namely Khasi, Jaintia and Garo. The state is predominantly inhabited by the Khasi tribe, who are known for their matrilineal social system. The sample design adopted was a multistage design, fitted to the study requirements. Given the resources available, it was decided to cover 600 eligible women (currently married Khasi women age 15–49 years), all from (erstwhile) East Khasi Hills district. The choice of East Khasi Hills over West Khasi Hills was purely purposive. According to 1991 census, little over 33 per cent population of the East Khasi Hills district live in the urban areas. Thus, it was decided to cover 200 eligible women (33 per cent of 600) from the urban areas and the remaining 400 women from the rural areas. The Khasi Matriliny: An Overview The term matriarchy or matriliny has become inseparably associated with the Khasi social organisation since it was first used in 1914 by Gurdon to describe Khasi social customs (Das. Gupta, 1964). Although the term is used to explain the pattern of residence after marriage among the Khasis, it is, however, known that matrilocal residence is not an invariable concomitant of matriarchal or matrilineal society. As among the Nayars of India, though they are also the followers of matrilineal system, the residential system among them is duolocal, where husband is usually the night visitor to their wife. Before we begin to understand the nature of Khasi social organisation, it becomes necessary, to clear that the general rule of matrilineal system is that females inherit property. However, it must be noted that at the outset the system of inheritance is governed by some code of rules, which, if taken in its totality and richness, can hardly be described as simple. In fact, the Khasi society is more complex and vivid than what is it apparent. The Khasis have matrilocal residence and matrilineal descent. Participation in the family religion and the common sepulchre, where bones of the members of the family are interred after death, are the two elements that bind the members together. Besides the matrilocal residential pattern and matrilineal descent, family property is mainly transmitted through the female line. The children of the male do not belong to the family. The youngest daughter, Ka Khadduh, in a Khasi family is in charge of the family religion. She cremates her mother and inters her bones in the common sepulchre (a place where the bones are kept with a huge stone over it which is different in shape for males and females). Marriage is a great social institution among the Khasis, as it determines the system of matrilocal residential pattern among them (Sinha, 1970). Being the followers of a unique social system of matriliny, the Khasi women enjoy a special place of status and dignity (Kyndiah, 1990). A Khasi woman is the guardian and preserver of the family goods. She plays a crucial role in the affairs of the family. However, she is not the head of the family, as this is left to a male member. The father of the family has a definite role to play in the household affairs. However, his role is limited to the final word of the maternal uncle. When Christianity came, the Khasi family was aced with the question whether a â€Å"Ka Khaduh† could hold the family property if she would convert to the Christianity. In 1918, the Government ruled that Christian converts should be allowed to inherit the ancestral property. Property is thus divorced from religion. Though religion was divorced from the traditional rules, because of the modernisation process, such as, educational development along with the spread of Christianity, that had somehow changed the traditional system in many respect (Roy, 1964). The original system and moral efficacy has now a days been largely distorted (Bareh, 1994). The literature shows that a shift is taking place in the matrilineal society towards parental or patrilineal one (Tanius, 1983; Syiemlieh, 1994). Syiemlieh (1994), in his write-up on the Khasis and their matrilineal system has explained that due to some basic reasons there exists a transition in the matrilineal set-up in Meghalaya. This transition in the matrilineal society is due to the changes in the overall set-up. Such changes can be the result of factors like the intermingling with other neighbouring patriarchal communities, the advent of missionaries and spread of Christianity among these tribal groups. The spread of urbanisationand urban development along with the spread of Christianity have changed the perception and attitude of people among the Khasis ( Kapadia, 1966; Syiemlieh, 1994). Thus from the above review we get the idea that over time these matrilineal societies are undergoing changes in its characteristics. On the basis of the above literature, each characteristic feature has been given weightage to categorize the sample women in two groups, viz. , Traditional: Women fulfilling all three criteria or those who possess at least ownership right along with matrilocal residential pattern or matrilocal residential pattern and descent through female. Transitional:Women who follow none of the criteria or only descent. It is found from the above categorisation that 55 per cent of sample women are from the traditional group while the remaining 45 per cent are from the transitional group. The Traditional women will be refereed to as ‘traditional women’, whereas women in Transitional group will be referred to as ‘transitional women’. It may be relevant to mention here that these nomenclatures are used for the purpose of conceptual categorisation of these two groups of women according to their characteristics assessed at the time of survey. Yet another issue that needs to be kept in mind is that the term ‘traditional’ is not used as opposed to ‘modern’. It may be emphasised that women in traditional group are the followers of all the three or the first two important characteristics of the matrilineal system, i. e. , property ownership right, matrilocal residence and/or family name through mother’s side. Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics ofWomen in Matrilineal Set-up Type of Residence Type of residence is one of the important determinants that has its effect on the changes that take place in any society, as well as, on the changing perception of people towards traditions. Women from traditional group are mostly concentrated in rural areas (79 per cent). What is, however, more interesting is that 21 per cent women following the matrilineal system live in urban areas and also almost half of the women who have deviated from matrilineal system continue to live in rural areas. This indicates that the transition that we witness in Khasi society is a complex phenomenon operating at family level than merely the outcome of urbanisation and modernisation process.

Future of Nursing Essay - 760 Words

1 The Future of Nursing Cathleen Atkins Grand Canyon University September 16th, 2012 The Future 2 The future of healthcare is dependent upon the role nurses play in the care of the patient. A committee was formed between the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Institute of Medicine to address the needs of reformation of nursing. The purpose of the study was multifold. The study looked at ways to reform our healthcare system to meet the challenges of safe, quality patient care while maintaining affordability and accessibility with the help of a transformed nursing profession. The transformation of the nursing profession focuses on three main areas. The areas include education, nurse practice setting, and the nurses’ role†¦show more content†¦Nurses with their BSN The Future 3 degree is usually favored over the ADN degree nurse to be hired in an acute setting. Although there is a shortage of nursing faculty the ADN degree student has a variety of options open to them to obtain their BSN degree. Many colleges and universities offer an online pr ogram to achieve higher education. The nurse practice setting is an ever evolving entity. Legislation is underway to shift healthcare toward prevention and wellness, primary care and transitional care settings. The shift will deviate from the areas of acute and specialty care. Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners play an important role in the primary care setting. Most ARNP’s are limited in their scope of practice by the state in which they live, although they received the education to provide advanced care. Sometimes the ARNP’s extensive and specialized training cannot be put to use because of policy regulations or barriers. Some barriers have resulted because of a limited work force while other barriers are due to a flawed healthcare system. An Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner’s education has taught them how to work with different entities to successfully take care of a chronically ill patient. ARNPs’ can work with a team of physical therapists, nutritionists or social wo rkers to help manage the overall health of the patient. If the patient’s condition is more complex than what the ARNP can take care of then theShow MoreRelatedThe Future of Nursing966 Words   |  4 PagesThe Future of Nursing In 2010 the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJK), a subsidiary of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), issued a report on nursing called, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, (http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursig-Leadership-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx). 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According to this article nursing will have to change it role in the ACA and the three main categories that need to be changed and redeveloped is transforming practice, education and leadership. â€Å"The ACA outlines some new health care arrangements, and with these structures will come new opportunities for new rolesRead MoreThe Future of Nursing1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe Future of Nursing Grand Canyon University NRS-440V 3.24.13 Introduction This paper will discuss various aspect of the future of health care focusing on the future of how nursing will play an ever-important role in the reformation of health care. Presentation regarding, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the future of nursing, at the Institute of Medicine report entitled, â€Å"Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health,† will help set the stage for this paper. Discussion

Reflection On Multicultural Reflection - 1213 Words

CED 603: Multicultural Reflection Assignment Leah Lazo Becker National University I am currently working on an internship credential as a high school counselor at Carlsbad High School which is a large public comprehensive high school in Carlsbad, California. In the 2015- 2016 academic school year Carlsbad High School had a total enrollment of 2,459 students in the 9th-12th grade. 21% of students are socioeconomically disadvantaged, 3% are English Language Learners and 10.2 % are students with disabilities (School Accountability Report Card, 2016-17). The 2016 CAASPP assessments for 11th graders in English Language Arts reports that a total of 485 students (91.3%) of enrolled 11th grade students were tested. 26 Asian students were†¦show more content†¦ELL students are grouped together in these classes so they can receive differential instruction and have peer support. Students with 504 plans are supported by the school counselors and teachers to ensure they are receiving accommodations necessary depending on their disability. Students with Individualized Education Plans (IEP) are supported by the school counselors, teachers, and special education case managers. Students receive support as determined by their IEP’s, with some receiving ongoing counseling with a school psychologist, placement in directed studies classes or in sheltered and co-teach classes to receive direct resource support. These support systems in place at Carlsbad High School are a multi-tiered approach to best meet student’s individual nee ds. During my internship experience I recognized that I when I start working with a student I see them first as a student then explore and evaluate the cultural factors that are impacting them. Rather than my current practice of doing this sequentially I believe I should be doing this concurrently. 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Why Is College So Important - 1312 Words

Why is college so important? A few years ago, most people only obtained their high school diploma and would receive any job in the market, but colleges have become the twenty-first century key to success. Jobs are now being given to those who are more educated and college provides this extra education. It is not the same as high school. High school education consists of a more general knowledge, which is a small amount of information about all the topics, but college is focused on the major. College graduates have more comprehension in their area than those with a high school diploma. As President Theodore Roosevelt once said, â€Å"A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad.† (Chicago Tribute). His point is that the more educated a person is; the higher goals they can obtain. College is the best way to succeed because it provides more education about deeper knowledge and moral value. It also opens up more job opportunities, and practical knowledge about the discipline and enlightened understanding. College allows for students to gain a deeper knowledge in all aspects of education. Yes, education is reading books, but college is focused more on making an analytical opinion of what is read and putting this information into practice. College education emphasizes on the future career of that person. It gives that person the opportunity to learn more information on a certain topic. HunterShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of College Education705 Words   |  3 Pagesor not to attend college can be difficult, especially given the tremendous costs associated with tuition, books, and campus living. Moreover, getting a good job or earning an attractive income is not necessarily guaranteed with a college degree. The decision of whether or not to attend college must come from within, and must transcend thoughts about money. 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Pros and Cons using oil Free Essays

Pros and Cons of using oil I want to talk about advantages and disadvantages of using oil in our world, people can use it for different reasons. We use oil for cars, airplanes etc. In some countries it is very expensive but in other countries it is much more cheaper because today its harder to find that’s why its more expensive and may not be much left. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons using oil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oil is very useful. For example, we can use it as an ingredient for our meal but also it used to accelerate the cars and how we also know doctors use oil in many medical reasons. I think advantages of using oil is that people can use it for different reason. People use oil for military reasons too. There are a lot of ways using oil. A lot of people now travel with plane, they couldn’t travel if there wasn’t oil. In war oil is used more because soldiers need to drive planes and cars and attack another country. People use oil to heat their houses. People use oil to get energy from it. When country is rich of oil its economy should be very good. Because other countries buy oil from them. In big wars such as WWW and WWW oil was the main thing that was needed to win the war. And the countries who started the war they wanted to capture the places where there is a lot of oil. Nowadays oil is very useful. In some places oil Is very expensive because they don’t produce oil but they buy it from other countries and they sell it expensive. But some countries sell oil much more cheaper because they produce oil in their countries. Disadvantages of using oil are that it makes pollution and a lot of people die because of that. People have used oil for centuries but using it made pollution. Pole used fuel smokes to kill another people. Usually they used It In wars. Burning oil produce carbon dioxide and It causes global warming. Passing near a car that brings out smoke,one starts to caught because the carbon dioxide that Is released from the car Is going to ones kings and It can result with serious problems to ones health. And used OLL Is hard to recycle and a lot of factories produce carbon monoxide by giving it out to the air. People start to breath with this air. I think In our time Oil Is very useful because without OLL we can not survive. People can not use electronically devices or we can not move without cars or planes. We would need more time to go to some places without planes. But It would be better because there would not be pollution and people could live longer. In some places oil is very expensive because they don’t produce oil but they buy it from other countries and they sell it expensive. But pollution. People used fuel smokes to kill another people. Usually they used it in wars. Burning oil produce carbon dioxide and it causes global warming. Passing near a car that brings out smoke,one starts to caught because the carbon dioxide that is released from the car is going to ones kings and it can result with serious problems to ones health. And used oil is hard to recycle and a lot of factories produce carbon monoxide by giving it out to the air. People start to breath with this air. I think in our time Oil is very useful because without oil we can not survive. People can not use time to go to some places without planes. But it would be better because there would How to cite Pros and Cons using oil, Papers

Strategies to Mitigate Pollution & Risks-Free-Samples for Students

Quesions: Disucss about the Strategies to Mitigate Pollution and Risks on Climate by Population Increase on Cities in Developing Counties. Answers: Introduction This case study report is based on a scenario affecting major cities in developing countries in terms of pollution that has affected the surrounding environment. In that connection, the mode of living in these cities become unbearable and thus affecting many incomes generating programs in these developing countries[1](Lash, Scott John Urry 2014, 107). In that connection, for clarity and precision, this particular case study report aims at critically analyzing pollution that has led to climatic changes in developing countries in African continent. We further narrow down to two countries. That is, South Africa and Nigeria. Having selected the two developing counties, this case study report will apply the concepts of sustainability event development so as to offer recommendation on this particular issue. Later on, the case study report will be implemented to solve this particular scenario and as well in solving such similar scenarios in other developing countries all over the globe. It is important to note that both counties have the same growth rate in terms of population, gross domestic product, per capita income and infrastructure. From year 2015, the population has been increasing in cities such as Cape Town in South Africa and Lagos in Nigeria. A lot of people having been migrating from rural areas to cities so as to search for greener pastures in the cities. This implies that, the level of unemployment in developing counties make many citizens to migrate to urban centers for search of employment [2](Jeffrey 2016, 37). This in return results to over population in the cities due to inadequate housing in the cities. The other problem associated to overpopulation is pollution since the governments of these developing countries are unable to stress extra resources within the budget to resolve the issue of housing. They are also not able to mitigate the issue of pollution brought by over population. In the long run, the release of wastes into the environment aff ects the population, the living conditions, climate and other many important aspects surrounding and associated to the cities. From the background narrated in the above scenario, the basis of our case study is formed clearly. Thus, we aim to analyze that case and offer the best recommendations so as to mitigate the problem. This will be of great importance to the residents of these cities, the governments, the citizens and other countries facing these problems [3](Blewitt 2008, 116). The case study report will be very significant to international organizations dealing with environment and climate. This is because it will form a basis for implementation of strategies and offer space for further future research in similar case and any other related scenario. The main reason for the choice of this case scenario is to attempt to formulate strategies to solve the problem of pollution that result to climatic changes in developing counties. This is important so as to assist the community in achieving long term goals in future development [4](Cottrel 2008, 67). This case will as well make the world productive. This also assist in reducing the impacts of devastating effects on climatic changes that can shift on part of the world to another. Thus, this is a sustainable event development that has a major take on the entire globe. This is a global issue rather than a one man show. Literature review There have been other case studies that have been conducted to solve many issues on sustainable event development. The previous case studies are very important as far as this particular case study is concerned. According to a case study formulated on the impact of climatic changes in Caribbean, the researchers were able to come up with mitigation strategies on climatic changes and pollution in Caribbean territory [5](Dul Halk 2008, 49). Such mitigations include the green effect strategy that was applied to reduce negative impact of toxic gases released by factories and manufacturing industries. Thus, in this case study, such as strategies can be incorporated so as to come up with admirable recommendations. However, just like a research project, the previous case studies miss so gaps that need to be filled. A literature gap on the major causes of these underlying pollution and associated climate changes were not developed in the previous case study. Thus, the aim of this case study will in a position to fill the asserted literature gaps. Discussion on pollution and climatic changes in Cape Town and Lagos Cape Town in South African and Lagos in Nigeria form major cities in developing countries that are facing pollution and climatic changes. Due to lack of adequate measures to dispose wastes in these cities are the main causes in that problem [6](Mulvaney Joliffe 2005, 101). Together with population that tend to increase heavily in these areas. According to annual demographic census of 2016. The population in Cape Town is approximated to be 13 million. On the other hand, according to annual demographic Census of 2017, the population of Lagos in Nigeria is approximated to be 11 million. This is far above the previous census on the population of these cities. In Cape Town, the population from the previous census was 7million and 5.5 million in Lagos Nigeria [7](Sachs 2015, 79). The irony of this population growth rate is vested on growth rate in infrastructure. There has been insignificant development in infrastructure to absorb the population increase in these cities. In that connectio n, the level of waste released in the environment has been increasing in these cities [8](Richard 2013, 129). The governments of South Africa and Nigeria have not been able so set mechanism to dispose these wastes as population increase. Types of pollutions and risks to the climate There have been different forms of pollution that affect these cities in terms of living conditions and development. These types of pollutions form a sample of pollutions that affect many of cities in developing counties. These forms of pollution include water pollution, air pollution, land pollution and deforestation. Water pollution In Lagos Nigeria, there are many industries that have been formed so as to perform different activities. Nigeria is a major producer of oil in Africa. Therefore, a lot of oil refinery industries are located in Lagos so as to facilitate the process of oil refining [9](Ryan Deci 2017, 41). To start with, these industries are very demanding in terms of water for cooling the systems. The plants refining oil are exothermic which need to be cooled. Thus, a lot of water is used in the process. Again, the crude oil released as a residue. Due to lack of appropriate mode of disposal, these industries release these residues to rivers and sources of water surrounding the city. This case study is analyzing Lagos having in mind that there are more cities with oil refinery industries that tend to do the same to lack of appropriate mechanisms for residue and waste disposal. On the other hand, in Cape Town South Africa, the city is highly occupied by industries dealing with refinery of gold. South Africa is highly known for extraction of gold. In that case, a lot of industries have been set to cool the systems since they are exothermic [10](Spirou 2010, 45). Just like in Nigeria, the process of waste disposal is inadequate. This implies that, the industries release the wastes to nearby lakes, rivers and other sources of water. This highly affect the supply of water in the cities. This result to low water supply to important sectors such as schools, hospitals and other social amenities in the cities. Thus, a lot of cities in developing countries are recorded to have challenges in water supply. Approximately 70% of cities in developing countries have not been able to offer adequate supply of water to the citizens. Air pollution This is another form of pollution that have highly affected Lagos and Cape Town along with many other cities in developing countries. This is cause by inappropriate mechanisms to dispose gases that have been emitted from the industries [11](Thomas 2009, 233). According to annual environmental report released in year 2016, the report indicated that approximately 90% of these gases that have been emitted into the environment are toxic in nature. They are very dangerous to human health and the environment. Release of toxic sulphur IV oxide to the environment affect the climate in these cities. When the gases dissolves into the environment, the result is acidic rain that have devastating effects into the environment and the population in general. The effects of acid rain have caused corrosion to roofing and motor vehicles. Therefore, the effects of air pollution cannot be ignored in South Africa and Nigeria. Again, the general environment in these cities are not admirable to the visitors and tourists[12] (Trainor Graue 2014, 234). Again, air pollution is affected from burning of non-biodegradable materials. A lot of companies in the cities are packing their final products in non-biodegradable material. These materials are difficult to dispose since they do not decompose. The measure used by city councils of these cities is to burn them. In the process, they release a lot toxic carbon monoxide gas. This gas inhibits the supply of oxygen in the environment. This make the environment to be irritating due to unpleasant and choking smell. This smell is disturbing to the residents and many urban tourists. Land pollution Land is a very important resource of any country. This implies that, a lot of care need to be employed so as to safeguard the land. Every human being has a duty of care to the land. The release of waste materials to environment surrounding the cities have been documented in the report on pollution. In that connection, the have been land degradation. The residues of crude oil to the land have affected the surrounding land [13](Ernest 2017, 133). The land is also polluted from the resulting of mining processes. The release of lead metal and calcium metals from mining cites in the cities make the land to lose its texture. It is also estimated that 2.1 million people in Lagos will be suffering from cancer ailments due to release of radioactive radiations from oil refinery cites and lead extraction cites. On the other hand, the land in Cape Town South Africa have become unproductive due to release of uranium that is used in extraction of gold. It is also estimated that 3.4 million people are in a threshold of people anticipated to suffer from radiations from uranium. Uranium is a radioactive metal that decompose during extraction of gold. This make the land to lose its productivity [14](Ernest 2017, 133). This kind of pollution is caused by increase in population. The demand for gold in Cape Town South Africa is increasing day in day out. In return, the activities in extraction of gold are increased so as to meet the demand. In the process, the land is affected. To the climate, the radiations spread damaging the ozone layer which again increase the threat of cancerous rays from the sun. Deforestation This is the last pollution and risk to the climate to be considered in this case study. Due to increase in population, cities in developing countries that are represented by Lagos Nigeria and Cape Town South Africa in this case study need to be expand their territories so as to accommodate the increased population[15](William 2017, 67). In return, there is cut down of trees in the areas surrounding the cities. This is referred as deforestation. In that case, this process affects the climate in the cities. This reduces water supply due to low rains in the areas. Observations From the above problems on pollution, there a lot of observations that can be drawn from the case study. These observations relate to the effects of pollutions to the cities. There is low water supply from water pollution. Low water supply makes the residents in the area to strain in performing the normal daily activities [16](William 2017, 67). It also affects social amenities such as schools and hospitals in the cities. This also affect the companies, factories and industries in the area which lowers the per capita and gross domestic product. Land pollution and air pollution limit the activities of tourism in the area which lowers foreign exchange and growth of cultural activities. Air pollution affect the climate by causing acid rains that are corrosive to roofs and motor vehicles along with roads. Recommendations There are a lot of measures that can be used to mitigate that problem of pollution and risks on climate due to population increase in Cape Town and Lagos as part of cities in developing countries. The government in developing countries need to limit the migration of people to urban centers until all the resources set in the cities top support the population are revisited. This measure will reduce pollution due to overpopulation [17](Jean-Louis 2017, 67). The best mechanism to limit the migration of people to cities that can be applied by the governments is to offer incentives to rural residents. In that case, there would be no need to migrate since the population in the rural area is empowered. There is need to incorporate measures and mechanism to dispose non-biodegradable materials that cause land and air pollution. This can be done by application of biodegradable material in production process. The international environmental organization need also to chip in to put measure that would govern formation of industries that release toxic gases [18](Ron 2017, 99). There should proper legal framework to govern formation of those industries. Proper licensing need to be done so that industries indicate the methods they aim to use to mitigate the effects of these gases to the environment. There should be measures to family planning to reproduce a population that can be supported by the resources in the cities. Also, then government can increase the resources to support the population. There is need to refer from previous case studies on effects of population increase on pollution and risks on climate. These case studies are analyzed to offer solutions on pollution to major cities. Lagos city need to set oil refinery industries to safe area such as coastal regions with plenty of water for cooling of the systems and disposal of residues. Cape Town city need set gold processing industries in appropriate areas such as costal region so as to keep the city safe from pollution and adverse climatic condition. Conclusion In conclusion, the case study forms a base line to implementation of the above recommendations so as to mitigate the problems asserted. Human population need to be controlled using appropriate measures so as to reduce the pollution that have caused a lot of climatic changes and adverse effects to the community [19](Vallero 2007, 45). By putting the above factors into consideration, the cities in developing countries will be able to achieve the long-term goals and objectives on development of infrastructure and job creation to the people. Proper and adequate housing need to be addressed in the cities [20](Hill 2010, 78). There should be more measures and mechanisms to dispose pollutants so as to develop and protect our cities. Development of questions To what extent have land, air and pollution affected the climate of cities in developing counties? What measures need to be employed by international organizations to control human population so as to limit the effects of pollution? Do cities in developed counties face such a problem? What measure do these countries applied to mitigate the population-pollution issue? According to your own opinion, have the government failed in controlling the level of pollution in the cities? Bibliography Books Cottrel. The study skills handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Daniel, Vallero. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, 2007. Dul Halk. Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainability Development. Tantor Audio, 2016. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015. John, Blewitt. Understanding Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2008. Lash, Scott, and John Urry.Economies of Signs Space. London: Sage Publications, 2014. Marquita, Hill. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017. Mulvaney Joliffe. Academic writing: genres, samples, and resources. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Richard. Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing, 2013. Ryan Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press, 2017. Spirou. Urban Tourism and Urban Changes: Cities in the Global Economy. Routledge, 2010. Thomas. Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers, 2009. Trainor Graue. Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research dissemination.Remedial and Special Education. London press, 2014. Vincent, Jean-Louis. Textbook of Critical Care, 7e. Elsevier, 2017. Walls, Ron. Rosens Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice. 2-volume set. Elsevier, 2017. Journal MacDonald, Susan Peck. The Erasure of Language.College Composition and Communication58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625. Website Thrall, Grant Ian.Land Use and Urban Form. New York: Methuen, 2009. https://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Thrallbook/Land%20Use%20and%20Urban%20Form.pdf. Lash, Scott, and John Urry.Economies of Signs Space. London: Sage Publications, 2014. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainability Development. Tantor Audio, 2016. John, Blewitt. Understanding Sustainable Development. Routledge, 2008. Cottrel. The study skills handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Dul Halk. Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Mulvaney Joliffe. Academic writing: genres, samples, and resources. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Jeffrey, Sachs. The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University Press, 2015. Richard. Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing, 2013. Ryan Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press, 2017. Spirou. Urban Tourism and Urban Changes: Cities in the Global Economy. Routledge, 2010. Thomas. Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers, 2009. Trainor Graue. Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research dissemination.Remedial and Special Education. London press, 2014. Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017 Moore, Ernest. Trauma, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical, 2017. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Owens, William. The Advanced Ventilator Book. First Draught Press, 2017. Vincent, Jean-Louis. Textbook of Critical Care, 7e. Elsevier, 2017. Walls, Ron. Rosens Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice. 2-volume set. Elsevier, 2017. Daniel, Vallero. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, 2007. Marquita, Hill. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2010.