Strategies to Mitigate Pollution & Risks-Free-Samples for Students

Quesions: Disucss about the Strategies to Mitigate Pollution and Risks on Climate by Population Increase on Cities in Developing Counties. Answers: Introduction This case study report is based on a scenario affecting major cities in developing countries in terms of pollution that has affected the surrounding environment. In that connection, the mode of living in these cities become unbearable and thus affecting many incomes generating programs in these developing countries[1](Lash, Scott John Urry 2014, 107). In that connection, for clarity and precision, this particular case study report aims at critically analyzing pollution that has led to climatic changes in developing countries in African continent. We further narrow down to two countries. That is, South Africa and Nigeria. Having selected the two developing counties, this case study report will apply the concepts of sustainability event development so as to offer recommendation on this particular issue. Later on, the case study report will be implemented to solve this particular scenario and as well in solving such similar scenarios in other developing countries all over the globe. It is important to note that both counties have the same growth rate in terms of population, gross domestic product, per capita income and infrastructure. From year 2015, the population has been increasing in cities such as Cape Town in South Africa and Lagos in Nigeria. A lot of people having been migrating from rural areas to cities so as to search for greener pastures in the cities. This implies that, the level of unemployment in developing counties make many citizens to migrate to urban centers for search of employment [2](Jeffrey 2016, 37). This in return results to over population in the cities due to inadequate housing in the cities. The other problem associated to overpopulation is pollution since the governments of these developing countries are unable to stress extra resources within the budget to resolve the issue of housing. They are also not able to mitigate the issue of pollution brought by over population. In the long run, the release of wastes into the environment aff ects the population, the living conditions, climate and other many important aspects surrounding and associated to the cities. From the background narrated in the above scenario, the basis of our case study is formed clearly. Thus, we aim to analyze that case and offer the best recommendations so as to mitigate the problem. This will be of great importance to the residents of these cities, the governments, the citizens and other countries facing these problems [3](Blewitt 2008, 116). The case study report will be very significant to international organizations dealing with environment and climate. This is because it will form a basis for implementation of strategies and offer space for further future research in similar case and any other related scenario. The main reason for the choice of this case scenario is to attempt to formulate strategies to solve the problem of pollution that result to climatic changes in developing counties. This is important so as to assist the community in achieving long term goals in future development [4](Cottrel 2008, 67). This case will as well make the world productive. This also assist in reducing the impacts of devastating effects on climatic changes that can shift on part of the world to another. Thus, this is a sustainable event development that has a major take on the entire globe. This is a global issue rather than a one man show. Literature review There have been other case studies that have been conducted to solve many issues on sustainable event development. The previous case studies are very important as far as this particular case study is concerned. According to a case study formulated on the impact of climatic changes in Caribbean, the researchers were able to come up with mitigation strategies on climatic changes and pollution in Caribbean territory [5](Dul Halk 2008, 49). Such mitigations include the green effect strategy that was applied to reduce negative impact of toxic gases released by factories and manufacturing industries. Thus, in this case study, such as strategies can be incorporated so as to come up with admirable recommendations. However, just like a research project, the previous case studies miss so gaps that need to be filled. A literature gap on the major causes of these underlying pollution and associated climate changes were not developed in the previous case study. Thus, the aim of this case study will in a position to fill the asserted literature gaps. Discussion on pollution and climatic changes in Cape Town and Lagos Cape Town in South African and Lagos in Nigeria form major cities in developing countries that are facing pollution and climatic changes. Due to lack of adequate measures to dispose wastes in these cities are the main causes in that problem [6](Mulvaney Joliffe 2005, 101). Together with population that tend to increase heavily in these areas. According to annual demographic census of 2016. The population in Cape Town is approximated to be 13 million. On the other hand, according to annual demographic Census of 2017, the population of Lagos in Nigeria is approximated to be 11 million. This is far above the previous census on the population of these cities. In Cape Town, the population from the previous census was 7million and 5.5 million in Lagos Nigeria [7](Sachs 2015, 79). The irony of this population growth rate is vested on growth rate in infrastructure. There has been insignificant development in infrastructure to absorb the population increase in these cities. In that connectio n, the level of waste released in the environment has been increasing in these cities [8](Richard 2013, 129). The governments of South Africa and Nigeria have not been able so set mechanism to dispose these wastes as population increase. Types of pollutions and risks to the climate There have been different forms of pollution that affect these cities in terms of living conditions and development. These types of pollutions form a sample of pollutions that affect many of cities in developing counties. These forms of pollution include water pollution, air pollution, land pollution and deforestation. Water pollution In Lagos Nigeria, there are many industries that have been formed so as to perform different activities. Nigeria is a major producer of oil in Africa. Therefore, a lot of oil refinery industries are located in Lagos so as to facilitate the process of oil refining [9](Ryan Deci 2017, 41). To start with, these industries are very demanding in terms of water for cooling the systems. The plants refining oil are exothermic which need to be cooled. Thus, a lot of water is used in the process. Again, the crude oil released as a residue. Due to lack of appropriate mode of disposal, these industries release these residues to rivers and sources of water surrounding the city. This case study is analyzing Lagos having in mind that there are more cities with oil refinery industries that tend to do the same to lack of appropriate mechanisms for residue and waste disposal. On the other hand, in Cape Town South Africa, the city is highly occupied by industries dealing with refinery of gold. South Africa is highly known for extraction of gold. In that case, a lot of industries have been set to cool the systems since they are exothermic [10](Spirou 2010, 45). Just like in Nigeria, the process of waste disposal is inadequate. This implies that, the industries release the wastes to nearby lakes, rivers and other sources of water. This highly affect the supply of water in the cities. This result to low water supply to important sectors such as schools, hospitals and other social amenities in the cities. Thus, a lot of cities in developing countries are recorded to have challenges in water supply. Approximately 70% of cities in developing countries have not been able to offer adequate supply of water to the citizens. Air pollution This is another form of pollution that have highly affected Lagos and Cape Town along with many other cities in developing countries. This is cause by inappropriate mechanisms to dispose gases that have been emitted from the industries [11](Thomas 2009, 233). According to annual environmental report released in year 2016, the report indicated that approximately 90% of these gases that have been emitted into the environment are toxic in nature. They are very dangerous to human health and the environment. Release of toxic sulphur IV oxide to the environment affect the climate in these cities. When the gases dissolves into the environment, the result is acidic rain that have devastating effects into the environment and the population in general. The effects of acid rain have caused corrosion to roofing and motor vehicles. Therefore, the effects of air pollution cannot be ignored in South Africa and Nigeria. Again, the general environment in these cities are not admirable to the visitors and tourists[12] (Trainor Graue 2014, 234). Again, air pollution is affected from burning of non-biodegradable materials. A lot of companies in the cities are packing their final products in non-biodegradable material. These materials are difficult to dispose since they do not decompose. The measure used by city councils of these cities is to burn them. In the process, they release a lot toxic carbon monoxide gas. This gas inhibits the supply of oxygen in the environment. This make the environment to be irritating due to unpleasant and choking smell. This smell is disturbing to the residents and many urban tourists. Land pollution Land is a very important resource of any country. This implies that, a lot of care need to be employed so as to safeguard the land. Every human being has a duty of care to the land. The release of waste materials to environment surrounding the cities have been documented in the report on pollution. In that connection, the have been land degradation. The residues of crude oil to the land have affected the surrounding land [13](Ernest 2017, 133). The land is also polluted from the resulting of mining processes. The release of lead metal and calcium metals from mining cites in the cities make the land to lose its texture. It is also estimated that 2.1 million people in Lagos will be suffering from cancer ailments due to release of radioactive radiations from oil refinery cites and lead extraction cites. On the other hand, the land in Cape Town South Africa have become unproductive due to release of uranium that is used in extraction of gold. It is also estimated that 3.4 million people are in a threshold of people anticipated to suffer from radiations from uranium. Uranium is a radioactive metal that decompose during extraction of gold. This make the land to lose its productivity [14](Ernest 2017, 133). This kind of pollution is caused by increase in population. The demand for gold in Cape Town South Africa is increasing day in day out. In return, the activities in extraction of gold are increased so as to meet the demand. In the process, the land is affected. To the climate, the radiations spread damaging the ozone layer which again increase the threat of cancerous rays from the sun. Deforestation This is the last pollution and risk to the climate to be considered in this case study. Due to increase in population, cities in developing countries that are represented by Lagos Nigeria and Cape Town South Africa in this case study need to be expand their territories so as to accommodate the increased population[15](William 2017, 67). In return, there is cut down of trees in the areas surrounding the cities. This is referred as deforestation. In that case, this process affects the climate in the cities. This reduces water supply due to low rains in the areas. Observations From the above problems on pollution, there a lot of observations that can be drawn from the case study. These observations relate to the effects of pollutions to the cities. There is low water supply from water pollution. Low water supply makes the residents in the area to strain in performing the normal daily activities [16](William 2017, 67). It also affects social amenities such as schools and hospitals in the cities. This also affect the companies, factories and industries in the area which lowers the per capita and gross domestic product. Land pollution and air pollution limit the activities of tourism in the area which lowers foreign exchange and growth of cultural activities. Air pollution affect the climate by causing acid rains that are corrosive to roofs and motor vehicles along with roads. Recommendations There are a lot of measures that can be used to mitigate that problem of pollution and risks on climate due to population increase in Cape Town and Lagos as part of cities in developing countries. The government in developing countries need to limit the migration of people to urban centers until all the resources set in the cities top support the population are revisited. This measure will reduce pollution due to overpopulation [17](Jean-Louis 2017, 67). The best mechanism to limit the migration of people to cities that can be applied by the governments is to offer incentives to rural residents. In that case, there would be no need to migrate since the population in the rural area is empowered. There is need to incorporate measures and mechanism to dispose non-biodegradable materials that cause land and air pollution. This can be done by application of biodegradable material in production process. The international environmental organization need also to chip in to put measure that would govern formation of industries that release toxic gases [18](Ron 2017, 99). There should proper legal framework to govern formation of those industries. Proper licensing need to be done so that industries indicate the methods they aim to use to mitigate the effects of these gases to the environment. There should be measures to family planning to reproduce a population that can be supported by the resources in the cities. Also, then government can increase the resources to support the population. There is need to refer from previous case studies on effects of population increase on pollution and risks on climate. These case studies are analyzed to offer solutions on pollution to major cities. Lagos city need to set oil refinery industries to safe area such as coastal regions with plenty of water for cooling of the systems and disposal of residues. Cape Town city need set gold processing industries in appropriate areas such as costal region so as to keep the city safe from pollution and adverse climatic condition. Conclusion In conclusion, the case study forms a base line to implementation of the above recommendations so as to mitigate the problems asserted. Human population need to be controlled using appropriate measures so as to reduce the pollution that have caused a lot of climatic changes and adverse effects to the community [19](Vallero 2007, 45). By putting the above factors into consideration, the cities in developing countries will be able to achieve the long-term goals and objectives on development of infrastructure and job creation to the people. Proper and adequate housing need to be addressed in the cities [20](Hill 2010, 78). There should be more measures and mechanisms to dispose pollutants so as to develop and protect our cities. Development of questions To what extent have land, air and pollution affected the climate of cities in developing counties? What measures need to be employed by international organizations to control human population so as to limit the effects of pollution? Do cities in developed counties face such a problem? What measure do these countries applied to mitigate the population-pollution issue? 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